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FOUND 637
The study described in this document gathered information on the perspectives, needs, and preferences of women and communities regarding mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV. Funded by GlaxoWellcome and UNAIDS, research was conducted between October 1999 - May 2000 in two African countries, Botswana and Zambia. The central goal of the study was to obtain information and data that could be used to improve the effectiveness and…
This is a discussion paper prepared for the Satellite Symposium, "Putting Third First - Critical Legal Issues and HIV/AIDS". The paper makes a fundamental assumption that if efforts to change sexual behaviour is at the core of reducing HIV infection and if efforts to change sexual behaviour require changes in the social and economic power relations in society, then our ability to address the HIV/AIDS epidemic is inextricably linked to our…
Approximately one year after the start of the female condom social marketing program in Zimbabwe, the Horizons Project and Population Services International conducted a descriptive, cross-sectional study of female condom users, male condom users, and non-users of either barrier method. The goal of this research was to increase understanding of the patterns and dynamics of female condom use in order to inform policymakers and program…
The expert group meeting in 2000 reviewed the topics of HIV/AIDS, gender, human rights and human security and their inter-linkages. The meeting discussed the basic rights to be addressed in this context and adopted a number or recommendations for immediate action and specific recommendations addressing particular actors and areas of concern. This document is a summary of key issues involved in promoting human security and human rights in…
Human rights have been central to the international community's response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. This approach initially emphasized the inclusion of, and non-discrimination against, particular risk groups. However, as the epicenter of the epidemic has moved from the first to the third world and from (gay white) men to (poor black) women, the rights emphasis has begun to shift from a focus on individual rights of privacy and non-…
This report provides new insights about the complexity of addressing men's and women's needs in an equitable fashion. It underlines the importance of having well organized reproductive health services that integrate family planning with sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention programmes, including HIV/AIDS. It proposes programme directions, suggests programme indicators, discusses programming considerations, and informs about innovative…
FAS organized a workshop on the theme "Linking AIDS to Women's Peace Advocacy" from April 3-7, 2000. The workshop took place at the OAU Conflict Management Center in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It drew together women from Africa to consider the issues of gender and HIV/AIDS in peace advocacy in the continent. The publication explores the nature of the epidemic and the lessons that can be learned from the workshop.
"Living for Tomorrow" is a development and research HIV prevention project based in Estonia, targeting young people and the difficulties faced by educators in actively involving youth in safe sexual behavior. Its approach is to build sexual health awareness while looking at how gender norms in society actually dictate and produce unsafe and damaging sexual relations between men and women.
This report is a compilation of a number of innovative and promising interventions in the field of HIV/AIDS prevention at the international, regional, and local levels. It contains a section entitled "What works with Women and Men?", which discusses the gender dimensions of HIV prevention initiatives and includes case studies from Namibia, Jamaica, Honduras, Brazil, Uganda and Zambia.
This document is a transcript of the plenary address given by Geeta Rao Gupta at the XIII International AIDS Conference in Durban, South Africa, in 2000. In accordance with the title, Geeta Rao Gupta focuses on the what, why and how of gender, sexuality and HIV/AIDS. Emphasis is placed on exploring gender-sensitive and transformative approaches to the epidemic.
This preliminary overview of available literature suggests that within the context of gender and the HIV epidemic, sexual violence is a complex phenomenon with multiple determinants, consequences and manifestations. UNAIDS estimated that by December 1997, 30.6 million people around the world had been infected with HIV, with more than 70% of these infections occurring through unprotected sexual intercourse. The overall proportion of these…
The report highlights the need for inserting gender in the multi-sectoral response to HIV/AIDS. Ethical issues involved in testing pregnant women are reviewed, as well as the role of the educational sector in combating HIV/AIDS. Other topics that are addressed include the impact of HIV/AIDS on youth, law, on the labor market and in situations of conflict.
A product of the meeting in Windhoek, Namibia, this summary paper provides a perspective on the situation of women living with HIV/AIDS in Uganda. The author addresses a range of topics including the risk of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV, the role of men, the rights of an HIV positive women, and steps for empowerment.
The report explains that the subordination of women in African society in the face of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, is causing their premature deaths and resulting in the break-up of millions of families throughout the continent. The subsequent creation of a generation of traumatized children has serious consequences for the future stability of many countries in Africa. This paper expands on the medical aspects of the six stages of development of…
The scale of the HIV/AIDS epidemic led the United Nations Security Council to make a historical move in 2002 by adopting a resolution, which not only addresses a health issue for the first time, but specifically links the spread of HIV/AIDS to the maintenance of global peace and security. This document addresses (1) the ways in which HIV/AIDS threatens human security, (2) the negative synergy between HIV/AIDS and poverty, HIV/AIDS and…
The 1994 Genocide in Rwanda resulted in a number of women contracting HIV/AIDS, which subsequently has serious implications on human security and on the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) justice process. This document traces the impact of ICTR on the lives of women who were victims of rape and violence, and highlights the definition of rape, defined for the first time in international law, as a component of genocide. The…
In recent years, increasing attention has been placed on the need to integrate a gender-based approach into efforts to deal with the HIV/AIDS epidemic. This paper addresses the risks and needs of male and female adolescents in relation to the HIV/AIDS epidemic and the broader area of sexual and reproductive (SRH) health. It begins with a brief review of the risks to which adolescents are exposed and then proposes an SRH rights framework…
This report focuses on issues pertaining to community level health interventions, particularly within the African context. Examples of community-level initiatives in countries such as Zambia, Tanzania and Uganda are cited, with details on strategic perspectives that include men-centered programs, redistribution of resources, review of Structural Adjustment Programs, and grassroots initiatives that involve political and social mobilization.
This is a transcript of Geeta Rao Gupta's presentation which views gender as a culture-specific construct and focuses on issues related to the heterosexual transmission of HIV/AIDS. The dynamics of power are examined within the context of sexuality, defined as a social construction of a biological drive. Approaches to empower women are outlined as part of the aim to combat the power imbalance and inequality in heterosexual relationships.
The purpose of this paper is to analyze some of the linkages between HIV/AIDS, gender and household food security in rural Africa. To date, the majority of extant studies on rural HIV/AIDS have focused on the socio-economic impact of the epidemic on the family and household economy as a whole, without distinguishing in detail how men and women are affected and how male/female morbidity and mortality affect food and livelihood security. The…