This workshop report from the International HIV/AIDS Alliance examines how to develop polices and programmes which promote condom use as an HIV prevention strategy. The report contains presentations and discussions from the workshop held in 2006, The topics explored include: the relationship between sexuality, gender and condom use; attempting to understand and work with the diverse personal and cultural reasons why people are resistant to using condoms; working with particular population groups, such as young people, sex workers, drug users and men who have sex with men; and the impact of anti-condom policies by national governments, including the United States, on condom promotion programmes.