This paper explores how programmes such as microfinance, livelihood training and efforts to safeguard women's food security and access to property have begun to incorporate an HIV prevention focus. Despite numerous calls to 'mainstream AIDS’ in economic development, cross-sectoral responses have not been widely taken up by government or other stakeholders. The authors suggest potential reasons for limited progress to date and conclude by presenting programme and policy recommendations for further exploring and harnessing linkages between economic empowerment and HIV prevention in Southern Africa.