Gender and sexuality – and their related norms and practices – have long been recognised as key factors affecting the dynamics of HIV and the global response to it. This survey report, published by the International HIV/AIDS Alliance, maps current work and assesses the capacity, challenges and aspirations around gender and sexuality programming. Whereas issues vary across communities and countries, the authors contend that power imbalances, harmful social norms, violence and marginalisation affect women, men, girls, boys and transgender people across the world, limiting their ability to prevent HIV infection.