This publication is intended to spark greater attention and inclusion of women, particularly those most affected by HIV and AIDS, as agents of change and experts through their experience. Through an analysis of information provided through interviews with over 100 key informants as well as global surveys and several case studies, it attempts to identifying where and in what ways women, particularly those most affected by the epidemic, are participating in the response. The report provides recommendations aimed at national governments, funders, and other institutional leaders highlighting obstacles to women’s full and meaningful participation and stressing the need for a sustained commitment to ensuring women as agents of change in the AIDS response. It is second in a series of resource guides intended to promote strategies for the incorporation of gender equality and women’s rights in the AIDS response.