This document is a resource for NGOs and CBOs to build greater understanding of how gender and sexuality determine vulnerability to HIV. The document also highlights major human rights declarations, treaties and recommendations that can be used by individuals and associations to advocate for their rights and hold decision makers accountable to their commitments. This document is a summary of a desk-based review of literature that examines the factors that contribute to the vulnerability and risk of HIV infection in men, women, and men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM). Though other sexual minorities such as transgender are equally vulnerable to HIV, vulnerabilities of transgender and other sexual minorities are outside the scope of this guide.